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PEMANFAATAN SERBUK GERGAJI KAYU AKASIA (Acacia mangium Willd) SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKU ARANG AKTIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS AIR BERSIH

PRIHONO HADI, Dr. Ir. J. P. Gentur Sutapa, M.Sc.

2014 | Tesis | S2 Ilmu Kehutanan

Limbah serbuk gergaji akasia (SGA) dari proses pengergajian kayu jumlahnya cukup melimpah dan belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi volume limbah tersebut adalah memanfaatkan limbah SGA sebagai bahan baku arang aktif. Pembuatan arang aktif SGA dengan kombinasi perlakuan waktu karbonisasi dengan suhu dan waktu aktivasi yang bervariasi dilakukan untuk menghasilkan arang aktif SGA berkualitas yang akan digunakan untuk meningkatkan kualitas air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh interaksi antara waktu karbonisasi, suhu aktivasi dan waktu aktivasi terhadap kualitas dan struktur kimia arang aktif SGA. Arang aktif SGA dengan kualitas tertinggi akan diaplikasikan untuk peningkatan kualitas air bersih. SGA yang diperoleh dari industri gergajian kayu di Kabupaten Pelaihari Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, dikarbonisasi pada suhu 400°C selama 3, 4 dan 5 jam. Proses aktivasi dilakukan menggunakan aktivasi panas pada suhu 700, 800 dan 900°C dengan variasi waktu aktivasi 30, 60, dan 90 menit. Karakteristik dan kualitas arang aktif yang diteliti meliputi, rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat mudah menguap, kadar karbon terikat, daya serap benzena, daya serap iodium, dan daya serap metilen biru. Prosedur pengujian dan penentuan kualitas arang aktif SGA dilakukan menurut standar mutu arang aktif teknis serbuk SNI 06-3730-1995. Karakterisasi komponen dan struktur kimia arang aktif SGA yang diamati meliputi, gugus fungsi, struktur fisik, morfologi permukaan arang aktif, kandungan unsur, luas permukaan spesifik, ukuran pori dan total volume pori. Karakteristik dan kualitas arang aktif SGA meliputi ; rendemen 75,09-83,14%, kadar air 4,00-5,49%, kadar abu 4,44-10,36%, kadar zat mudah menguap 18,29%-30,62%, kadar karbon terikat 62,82-73,62%, daya serap benzena 6,45-11,87%, daya serap iodium 649,81-774,62 mg/g dan daya serap metilen biru 116-77-124,33 mg/g. Arang aktif SGA yang dihasilkan secara umum telah memenuhi persyaratan kualitas arang aktif teknis serbuk menurut SNI 06-3730-1995 kecuali untuk daya serap terhadap uap benzena. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses aktivasi dan peningkatan suhu aktivasi dan waktu aktivasi menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan pola gugus fungsi, peningkatan kristalinitas, terbukanya pori, peningkatan luas permukaan spesifik dan peningkatan total volume pori. Arang aktif SGA kualitas terbaik digunakan sebagai penjernih air. Karakteristik air setelah diberi perlakuan arang aktif mengalami peningkatan kualitas yaitu ; kekeruhan 7,29 NTU (turun 90,10%), warna 7,50 Pt-Co (turun 98,50%), pH 7,10 (naik 4,41%), kadar besi 0,08 mg/L (turun 97,22%), kadar mangan 0,28 mg/L (turun 31,25%), dan kesadahan 849,15 mg/L (turun 2,98%), sehingga memenuhi Standar Mutu Air Bersih menurut Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 416/Menkes/IX/1990.

Acacia sawdust (AS) waste wich was resulted as by product from sawmilling process is quite abundant and have not been used optimally. One of efforts to reduce the waste volume is by using AS waste as activated charcoal raw material. Manufacturing of AS activated charcoal with varied combination treatment was used to produce a qualified AS activated charcoal for improving water quality. This research aims to determine the effect of the interaction between carbonization time, activation temperature and activation time to the quality and chemical structure of AS activated charcoal. Activated charcoal with highest quality was applied to improve water quality. AS wich was obtained from wood sawmill industry in Pelaihari, South Kalimantan province, was carbonized at 400°C for 3, 4 and 5 hours. The activation process was thermal activation at 700, 800 and 900°C with a variation of the activation time at 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Characteristics and quality of AS activated charcoal were examined included ; yield, moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, the ability of the adsorption of benzene vapor, iodine and blue methylene by the Quality Standards of Technical Activated Carbon Powder (SNI 06-3730-1995). Component and chemical structure characterization was examined including ; functional groups, physical structure, pore structure and the element content, specific surface area, pore size and total pore. Characteristics of AS activated charcoal include; yield was 75.09-83.14%, moisture content was 4.00-5.49%, ash content was 4.44-10.36%, volatile matter was 18.29-30.62%, fixed carbon was 62.82-73.62%. The capacity of AS activated charcoal on benzene adsorption was 6.45-11.87%, iodine was 649.81-774.62 mg/g and the adsorption of methylene blue was 116.77-124.33 mg/g. AS activated charcoal generally has met the quality requirements of the technical activated carbon powder according to SNI 06-3730-1995 except for the absorption of benzene vapor. The results showed that the activation process and the increasing of activation temperature and time causes a change in the pattern of functional groups, increasing in crystallinity, pore opening, increasing specific surface area and total pore volume enhancement. Characteristics of water after treated with activated charcoal include ; turbidity 7.29 NTU decreased by 90.10%, color 7.50 Pt-Co decreased by 98.50%, pH 7.10 increased by 4.41%, ferrum (Fe) content 0.08 mg/L decreased by 97.22%, manganese (Mn) content 0.28 mg/L decreased by 31.25%, hardness 849.15 mg/L decreased by 2.98%. The results showed an increasing in the quality of water after treated with AS activated charcoal and have met Water Quality Standards according to the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 416/Menkes/IX/1990.

Kata Kunci : arang aktif, serbuk gergaji akasia (SGA), karbonisasi, aktivasi, kualitas air


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