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PENGEMBANGAN KONSERVASI LINGKUNGAN PADA SISTEM KALIWU DI SUMBA TENGAH

Gerson Ndawa Njurumana, Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Djoko Marsono

2014 | Disertasi | S3 Ilmu Kehutanan

Kaliwu sebagai model agroforest tradisional di luar kawasan konservasi di Pulau Sumba merupakan solusi alternatif untuk menghadapi tekanan kerusakan lingkungan yang diindikasikan oleh laju lahan kritis sebesar 6.000 ha/tahun. Penelitian bertujuan : (1) mengetahui karakteristik lingkungan biofisik dan lingkungan sosial Kaliwu sebagai model pengelolaan sumberdaya alam berbasis masyarakat, (2) mengetahui peran pengelolaan Kaliwu dalam mendukung fungsi konservasi sumberdaya alam, (3) mengetahui peran Kaliwu terhadap pendapatan masyarakat, (4) mengetahui potensi pengembangan Kaliwu mendukung konservasi lingkungan, dan (5) mengetahui hubungan yang saling mempengaruhi antara komponen pembentuk dan komponen terbentuk dari pengelolaan Kaliwu. Lokasi penelitian di Kabupaten Sumba Tengah. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan sistem untuk mempelajari hubungan faktor lingkungan biofisik dan lingkungan sosial yang saling berinteraksi membentuk pengelolaan Kaliwu dan luarannya. Analisis bersifat observasi, deskriptif-kualitatif dan deskriptif-kuantitatif menggunakan analisis tabel, analisis kluster, analisis diskriminan, analisis pendapatan dan pemodelan menggunakan Structural Equation Modelling berbasis Partial Least Square dengan aplikasi SmartPLS 2.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukan : (1) karakteristik lingkungan biofisik seperti iklim, topografi, tutupan lahan, sumberdaya alam hayati dan sumberdaya Kaliwu, serta lingkungan sosial seperti pekerjaan, ekonomi rumah tangga, persepsi terhadap hutan, lingkungan dan Kaliwu serta kelembagaan masyarakat memiliki peranan membentuk pengelolaan Kaliwu. (2) Kaliwu berperan mendukung konservasi sumberdaya alam, diindikasikan oleh : a) pemanfaatannya sebagai sumber obat tradisional, kayu pertukangan, kayu bakar dan pangan, (b) pengawetan keanekaragaman hayati tanaman, dan (c) perlindungan sistem penyangga kehidupan melalui konservasi lahan, perlindungan sumber mata air, perlindungan budaya, jasa penyediaan komoditas dan penyangga atribut bernilai sosial budaya, (3) produktivitas Kaliwu berperan meningkatkan pendapatan sebesar 46,88% terhadap total pendapatan perkapita pengelolanya, (4) Kaliwu berpotensi untuk konservasi lingkungan karena pengelolaannya berkelanjutan sebagai sumber hidup, identitas sosial-budaya dan ekonomi masyarakat, sehingga intervensi pengembangannya perlu memaduserasikan multi kepentingan yang berimplikasi pada multi produk dan multi dampaknya, dan (5) hasil pemodelan menunjukan hubungan saling mempengaruhi antara komponen pembentuk dan komponen terbentuk dalam pengelolaan Kaliwu, diindikasikan koefisien R Square setiap konstruk berpengaruh cukup besar terhadap konservasi lingkungan. Berdasarkan nilai t-statistik diketahui konstruk pemanfaatan dan konstruk perlindungan sistem penyangga kehidupan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap konstruk konservasi lingkungan. Keberlanjutan pengelolaan Kaliwu mencerminkan kebermanfaatannya, sehingga mendorong masyarakat memelihara komponen pendukung produksinya melalui perlindungan sistem penyangga kehidupan, dan pada gilirannya berdampak positif terhadap konservasi lingkungan. Kata kunci : Kaliwu, masyarakat, konservasi dan lingkungan

Kaliwu is an indigenous agroforest model in Sumba island as a alternative solution facing the environmental degradation pressure which indicated with the degraded land rate of 6,000 ha/year. This research aimed to identify: (1) the characteristics of biophysical and social environment of Kaliwu as a communitybased natural resource management, (2) the role of Kaliwu management in supporting the conservational function of natural resources, (3) the role of Kaliwu on community revenue, (4) the potentials of Kaliwu management in supporting environmental conservation, and (5) the mutual-influencing correlation between the forming and formed component of Kaliwu management. Conducted in Sumba Tengah district, the research based on system approach to study the mutual-interactive correlation between bio-physical and social environment factors and its outputs. The research method included observation; descriptive-qualitatively and descriptive-quantitatively analyzed by table analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, revenue analysis and modelling based on the Partial Least Square-based Structural Equation Modelling using SmartPLS 2.0 application. The result has showed that: (1) bio-physical environmental characteristics including climate, topography, land cover, bio-natural resources, and Kaliwu resources, and social environment including occupation, household economy, perception on forest, environment and Kaliwu with community institutions have played role in establishing the Kaliwu development, (2) the Kaliwu has played role to support natural resource conservation, indicated by: (a) its utilization as the sources of traditional medicines, timbers, firewood and foods, (b) plant biodiversity preservation, and (c) protection of life support system through land conservation, water source protection, cultural conservation, commodity provider service and buffering system of socio-cultural attribute values, (3) the Kaliwu productivity has roles to increase 46.88% income to per capita total revenue of the management, (4) the Kaliwu potentially serves as environmental conservation due to its sustainable management as life source, socio-cultural and economic identity of the community and hence, it is necessary to harmoniously integrate its development intervention with multi interests, implying on multi products and multi impacts, and (5) the result of modeling showed the mutual-influencing correlation between forming component and formed component in the Kaliwu management, indicated by R-Square of each construct with its quite considerable effect on environmental conservation. Based on t-statistic score it was identified that construct of utility and construct of protection on life buffer system provided significant influence on construct of environmental conservation. The sustainability of Kaliwu management has reflected its utility, and hence, it encourages the community to preserve supporting component of the production through the protection on life buffer system, and in turn it provides positive effects on the environmental conservation. Keywords: Kaliwu, community, conservation and environment

Kata Kunci : Kaliwu, masyarakat, konservasi dan lingkungan; community, conservation and environment


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