Latar Belakang: Probiotik dan prebiotik dikenal sebagai agensia imunomodulator yang dapat mempengaruhi fungsi imun di saluran cerna (Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue - GALT). Beberapa probiotik dan prebiotik diketahui dapat meningkatkan respon imun di saluran cerna. Tujuan Penelitian: mempelajari efek imunomodulator dari probiotik lokal L. plantarum Mut7 dan prebiotik dari tepung ubi jalar kaya serat. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengujian respon imun non-spesifik dan spesifik; jumlah populasi mikrobiota; dan konsentrasi short chain fatty acid (SCFA) di sekum. Metoda: Sembilan puluh enam ekor tikus Sprague Dawley jantan dengan umur 8 minggu dan berat berkisar 200-300g diperoleh dari Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan (BPOM), Jakarta. Tikus dipelihara dalam kandang individual pada ruangan yang diatur suhunya berkisar 25 – 27 oC, dengan siklus 12 jam terang/gelap. Tikus diadaptasi dengan pakan standar AIN- 93M selama 7 hari. Tikus dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok (A – tidak diinfeksi Salmonella typhimurium dan B – diinfeksi S. typhimurium), kemudian setiap kelompok dibagi menjadi 4 subkelompok yang terdiri dari 12 tikus. Perlakuan pada setiap sub-kelompok berturut-turut sbb: 1) pakan AIN-93M (KON); 2) pakan AIN-93M + L. plantarum Mut7 109 CFU/ml (PRO); 3) pakan modifikasi AIN-93M yang disuplementasi tepung ubi jalar kaya serat (PRE); 4) pakan modifikasi AIN-93M yang disuplementasi tepung ubi jalar kaya serat + L. plantarum Mut7 109 CFU/ml (SIN). Perlakuan diberikan selama 21 hari (3 minggu). Enam tikus dari setiap sub-kelompok dikorbankan, dan dilakukan pengambilan sampel darah, makrofag peritoneum, cairan usus, kelenjar getah bening mesenterium (KGBM), Plak Peyer (PP), limpa dan sekum. Pada hari ke- 22, tikus pada kelompok B diinfeksi dengan 1010 CFU/ml S. typhimurium. Perlakuan dilanjutkan lagi selama 14 hari (total 5 minggu). Pada akhir penelitian, sisa tikus dikorbankan, kemudian dilakukan pengambilan sampel sama seperti pada minggu ke-3. Aktivitas fagositosis berdasarkan pada kemampuan makrofag dalam memfagositosis partikel lateks. Konsentrasi imunoglobulin dan sitokin dianalisis dengan ELISA kit. Sel CD4, CD8, dan CD45R dihitung dengan metode flowsitometri. Populasi Bifidobacteria, Clostridia, Lactobacilli, E. coli, dan Salmonella di sekum dihitung dengan metode plate-count. Konsentrasi SCFA di sekum dianalisis dengan kromatografi gas. Hasil penelitian: Respon imun non-spesifik yang ditandai dengan aktivitas fagositosis makrofag peritoneum dan produksi nitrit oksida (NO) pada kelompok PRO, PRE, dan SIN lebih tinggi dibanding KON. PRO, PRE, dan SIN dapat memodulasi respon imun spesifik yang ditandai dengan tingginya kadar sIgA cairan usus; konsentrasi IFN- dan TGF- pada supernatan PP dibanding kelompok KON. Konsentrasi IgA total serum setelah 5 minggu perlakuan PRO dan PRE lebih tinggi dibanding KON, namun demikian konsentrasi IgM dan IgG serum antar kelompok tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Populasi sel B (CD45R) pada KGBM antar kelompok tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Populasi CD4 pada kelompok yang diinfeksi dan diberi PRO, PRE, dan SIN selama 3 minggu lebih tinggi dibanding KON. Populasi CD8 pada kelompok yang tidak diinfeksi dan diberi PRE dan SIN selama 3 minggu lebih tinggi dibanding KON. Populasi Lactobacilli pada kelompok PRO dan SIN lebih tinggi dibanding KON. Populasi Bifidobacteria, E. coli, dan Salmonella antar kelompok tidak berbeda secara signifikan. Clostridia pada kelompok PRE lebih tinggi dibanding KON. Proporsi molar asetat dan butirat di sekum pada tikus yang diberi PRO, PRE, dan SIN lebih tinggi dibanding KON. Kesimpulan: Pemberian L. plantarum Mut7, tepung ubi jalar kaya serat, atau keduanya dapat mempengaruhi respon imun non-spesifik dan spesifik. Pemberian PRO, PRE, dan SIN tidak mempengaruhi populasi Bifidobacterium, E. coli, Clostridium, dan Salmonella. Namun demikian, populasi Lactobacilli pada kelompok PRO dan SIN lebih tinggi dibanding KON. Proporsi molar asetat dan butirat pada kelompok PRO, PRE, dan SIN lebih tinggi dibanding KON. Penelitian lebih lanjut tentang efek imunomodulator probiotik dan prebiotik lokal pada subyek manusia perlu dilakukan.

Background: The probiotics and prebiotics were known as an immunomodulatory agents that affect the immune function in the gastrointestinal tract (Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue - GALT). Some probiotic strain and dietary prebiotics have been documented to enhance the gut immune responses. Objectives: To study the immunomodulatory effect of L. plantarum Mut7 and high fiber sweet potato powder. The non-specific and specific immune responses were investigated. The population of cecal microbiota and concentration of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) in the cecum were assayed. Methods: Ninety six male Sprague Dawley rats, which have the same age and body weight ranged from 200-300g, were obtained from National Agency for Drug and Food Control (NADFC), Jakarta. The rats were housed in individual cages in a room maintained at 25 – 27 oC, with 12-h light/dark cycles throughout the experimental period. The rats were adapted with AIN-93M diets for 7 days. They were divided into 2 groups (A – not infected with Salmonella typhimurium and B – infected with S. typhimurium) and each group was divided into 4 subgroups of 12 rats. The treatment for each sub groups was arranged as follow: 1) AIN-93M diets (CON); 2) AIN-93M diets + L. plantarum Mut7 109 CFU/ml (PRO); 3) modified AIN-93M diets with supplementation of sweet potato (PRE); 4) modified AIN-93M diets with supplementation of sweet potato + L. plantarum Mut7 109 CFU/ml (SIN). Those treatments were given for 21 days. Six rats from each sub-group were then sacrificed and the blood, peritoneal macrophages, intestinal fluid, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), Peyer’s Patches (PP), spleen, and cecum were collected. On the day 22nd, the rats in group B were infected with 1010 CFU/ml S. typhimurium. The treatments were continued for another 14 days. At the end of experimental, the rats were sacrificed and blood, peritoneal macrophage, intestinal fluid, MLN, PP, spleen, and cecum were collected. The phagocytic activity was based on the macrophages in engulfing latex particles. The concentration of immunoglobulin and cytokine were analyzed using ELISA kits. The CD4, CD8, and CD45R cells were determined with flowcytometer. The population of Bifidobacteria, Clostridia, Lactobacilli, E. coli, and Salmonella in the cecum were counted with the plate-count enumeration. The concentration of SCFA in cecum was analyzed by gas chromatography. Results: PRO, PRE, and SIN could strongly induce the non-specific immune responses by increasing the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages and Nitric Oxide (NO) production. They also modulate the specific immune responses by increasing sIgA in the intestinal fluid; IFN- and TGF- in PP’s supernatant. Total serum IgA concentration after 5 weeks of PRO and PRE treatment was higher than CON, however the concentration of serum IgM and IgG were not significantly different. Population of B cells (CD45R) in MLN was not significantly different between groups. CD4 population in the infected group that received PRO, PRE, and SIN for 3 weeks was higher than KON. CD8 population in the non-infected group that received PRE and SIN for 3 weeks was higher than CON. Population of Lactobacilli in PRO and SIN groups was higher than CON. Population of Bifidobacteria, E. coli, and Salmonella was not significantly different. Clostridia population in PRE groups was higher than CON. The molar proportion of acetate and butyrate in rat’s cecum in PRO, PRE, and SIN group was higher than CON group in infected rat. Conclusions: Oral administration of L. plantarum Mut7 (PRO), high fiber sweet potato powder (PRE), and their synbiotic (SIN) could affect the non-specific and specific immune responses. The administration of PRO, PRE, and SIN did not affect the population of Bifidobacterium, E. coli, Clostridium, and Salmonella. However, the population of Lactobacilli increases after the administration of PRO dan SIN. Molar proportion of acetate and butyrate in PRO, PRE, and SIN group was higher than CON group. Further research is needed to study the immunomodulatory effect of these local probiotic and prebiotic in human volunteers.

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